Elizabeth is an architectural historian based at Downing College, Cambridge. She is a Christopher Wren scholar, Assistant Research Professor in the History of Art, and Deputy Director of the Centre for the Study of Classical Architecture. Christopher Wren went to Paris in 1665 to investigate architecture, with the aim of advancing the art of building in England. Elizabeth interprets this episode as a symptom of broader evidence of intelligence-gathering.

Image provided by the speaker; Lievin Cruyl, Horse-run Pump Work at the Construction of the Pont Royal in Paris, 1686. © National Museum Sweden (Photo by Cecilia Heisser, Public Domain)